Prevalência de distúrbios osteomusculares relacionadosao trabalho em agricultores do Oeste do Paraná / Prevalence of work-related osteomuscular disordersin farmers of western Paraná

Os distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho (DORT) podem afetar articulações, músculos, tendões, ligamentos e nervos periféricos e são comuns na agricultura devido à sobrecarga de trabalho, esforços excessivos e repetitivos e adoção de posturas inadequadas para a realização das atividades. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a prevalência de DORT, a intensidade e características da dor, além de descrever as categorias e ferramentas de trabalho de agricultores da Região Oeste do Paraná. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal com uma amostra representativa dos agricultores associados ao sindicato da região. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico, um formulário sobre categorias e ferramentas de trabalho, a Escala Visual Analógica de dor, o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares e o questionário de McGill para caracterização da dor. Participaram do estudo 144 agricultores, com predomínio do sexo masculino (63,89%) e faixa etária entre 18 e 47 anos (73,61%). A prevalência de DORT nos agricultores foi de 100% e as regiões mais acometidas foram as partes inferior e superior das costas com 59,72% e 43,75% respectivamente. A intensidade da dor foi moderada em 50,69% e do tipo enjoada em 89,58% dos participantes. A atividade de cultivo de grãos está presente em 57,64% dos indivíduos e o uso de motosserra e maquinário agrícola foram as ferramentas mais citadas durante o labor. Os achados apontam a necessidade urgente de intervenção terapêutica e preventiva aos trabalhadores e contribuem ao avanço científico da área. Além de tratar os DORT, mostram-se imprescindíveis adaptações ergonômicas no trabalho dos agricultores.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) can affect joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments and peripheral nerves and are common in agriculture due to work overload, excessive and repetitive efforts and the adoption of inappropriate postures to perform activities. The objective of this study is to present the prevalence of WRMD, the intensity and characteristics of pain, in addition to describing the categories and work tools of farmers in the western region of Paraná. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out with a representative sample of farmers associated with the worker ́s union in the region. For data collection, we used a sociodemographic questionnaire, a form on categories and work tools, the visual analogue pain scale, the Nordic questionnaire on musculoskeletal symptoms and the McGill questionnaire for pain characterization. A total of 144 farmers participated in the study, with a predominance of males (63.89%) aged between 18 and 47 years old (73.61%). The prevalence of WRMDs in farmers was 100% and the most affected body regions were the lower and upper back with 59.72% and 43.75% respectively. Pain intensity was moderate in 50.69% and nausea type in 89.58% of participants. Grain cultivation activity was present in 57.64% of individuals and the use of chainsaws and agricultural machinery were the most cited tools used during work. The findings point to the urgent need for therapeutic and preventive intervention to these land workers and can contribute to the scientific advancement of the area. Besides treating WRMDs, ergonomic adaptations in the work of farmers are essential.

Condições de vida, trabalho e acesso aos serviços de saúde em trabalhadores agrícolas e não agrícolas, Brasil, 2013 / Living and working conditions and access to health services for agricultural and non-agricultural workers, Brazil, 2013

Resumo No Brasil, o crescimento do agronegócio em detrimento da agricultura familiar ocorreu ocultando danos sociais, ambientais e à saúde humana. Objetivou-se comparar as condições de vida, de trabalho e o acesso aos serviços de saúde, entre trabalhadores agrícolas e não agrícolas. Utilizaram-se os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) sobre condições de vida e trabalho, características sociodemográficas, econômicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde de uma amostra representativa da população ocupada brasileira. Empregou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância de 0,05, considerando-se o desenho complexo da amostragem. Os trabalhadores agrícolas apresentaram piores condições de vida, menor poder aquisitivo, maior exposição à radiação solar e agentes químicos e maior frequência e gravidade de acidentes de trabalho em comparação aos não agrícolas. A população agrícola teve maior cobertura da ESF, buscou atendimento médico no SUS para tratar doenças, enquanto a não agrícola, buscou atendimento médico privado para ações preventivas. As diferenças encontradas entre esses trabalhadores implicam em padrões de adoecimento distintos e definem necessidades de saúde específicas.

Abstract In Brazil, the growth of agribusiness to the detriment of family agriculture occurred while concealing social, environmental and human health damages. The objective was to compare living and working conditions and access to health services between agricultural and non-agricultural workers. Data from the National Health Survey (PNS) on living and working conditions, sociodemographic, economic characteristics, and access to health services from a representative sample of the employed Brazilian population were adopted. Pearson's chi-square test was used, with a significance level of 0.05, taking the complex sampling design into consideration. Agricultural workers suffered from worse living conditions, lower purchasing power, greater exposure to solar radiation and chemical agents, and a higher frequency and severity of occupational accidents compared to non-agricultural workers. The agricultural population had greater coverage of the Family Health Service and sought medical care from the Unified Health System (SUS) to treat diseases, while the non-agricultural workers sought private medical care for preventive actions. The differences found between these workers imply different patterns of illness and define specific health needs.

Occupational health and safety in agriculture. A systematic review / Salud y seguridad ocupacional en la agricultura. Revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of occupational diseases in the agricultural sector is higher than in other industries, since agricultural workers are at higher risk of exposure to different chemicals and pesticides, and are more prone to occupational accidents. Objective: To conduct a review of recent literature on occupational health and risk in agriculture. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, SciencieDirect and Scopus using the following search strategy: type of articles: original research papers; publication language: English; publication period: 2006-2016; search terms: "agricultural health", "agrarian health", "risk factors", "epidemiology", "causality" and "occupational", used in different combinations ("AND" and "OR"). Results: The search yielded 350 articles, of which 102 met the inclusion criteria. Moreover, 5 articles were found in grey literature sources and included in the final analysis. Most research on this topic has been conducted in the United States, which produced 91% (97/107) of the articles included in the review. Conclusions: Most studies on agricultural health focused primarily on the harmful effects of occupational exposure to agrochemicals and pesticides, and the consequences of occupational accidents. However, since more than 90% of these studies come from USA, a more comprehensive approach to agricultural health is required, since what is reported here may be far from the reality of other regions, especially Latin America.

Resumen Introducción. En el sector agrícola la prevalencia de enfermedades profesionales es más alta que en otras industrias, ya que los agricultores, debido a las actividades que deben realizar, tienen un mayor riesgo de exposición a diferentes químicos y pesticidas, y son más propensos a sufrir accidentes laborales. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre salud y riesgo ocupacional en el sector agrícola. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en PubMed, SciencieDirect y Scopus. Se utilizó la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: tipo de artículos: investigaciones originales; idioma: inglés; periodo de publicación: 2006-2016; términos de búsqueda: "agricultural health", "agrarian health", "risk factors", "epidemiology", "causality" y "occupational", usados en diferentes combinaciones ("AND" y "OR"). Resultados. La búsqueda arrojó 350 artículos, de los cuales 102 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Además, se agregaron 5 artículos encontrados en fuentes de literatura gris. El país en el que más se ha investigado sobre este tema es EE. UU., ya que produjo el 91% (97/107) de los artículos incluidos. Conclusiones. La mayoría de estudios se centró en los efectos de la exposición ocupacional a químicos y pesticidas y las consecuencias de los accidentes laborales; sin embargo, ya que más del 90% de estos proviene de EE. UU., se requiere una discusión más integral sobre la salud en la agricultura, pues lo reportado aquí puede distar mucho de la realidad de otras regiones, especialmente de Latinoamérica.

Producción de aceite de palma en Colombia: ¿trabajo decente y saludable? / Palm Oil Production in Colombia: Decent and Healthy Work? / Produção de óleo de palma na Colombia: trabalho decente e saudável?

Resumen Introducción: este artículo analiza la relación entre el proceso productivo del aceite de palma en Colombia y sus efectos en la salud de los trabajadores del sector. Método: entre marzo y septiembre de 2017, se llevaron a cabo un taller piloto con directivos sindicales y ocho grupos focales en los que participaron 165 trabajadores de diversas áreas y empresas del sector y un taller de revisión y retroalimentación con la participación de diez dirigentes sindicales. Igualmente, se efectuaron visitas a algunas empresas para observar los procesos productivos, tanto en las plantaciones como en las plantas extractoras. La Encuesta de Morbilidad Sentida, sobre la información suministrada por los trabajadores (percepciones e interpretaciones acerca de su estado de salud en vínculo con su trabajo), fue la base para identificar los factores de riesgo del sector, el desgaste, la fatiga y las condiciones de salud-enfermedad asociadas a los oficios del cultivo de la palma en campo y al proceso industrial en la planta de extracción del aceite. Conclusión: la morbilidad sentida sugiere que las cargas laborales, los patrones de desgaste asociados a la producción, la exposición a altas temperaturas y agrotóxicos, además de la intensificación productiva derivada de la forma de organización del trabajo afectan significativamente la salud de los trabajadores de la agroindustria de palma. Basados en estos resultados, sugerimos que los trabajadores del sector deberían ser cobijados por un régimen especial de pensión conjugado con políticas de prevención en salud y seguridad en el trabajo y cobertura de protección social.

Abstract Introduction: This article presents the examination of the relation between the production process of palm oil in Colombia and its impact on the health of workers. Method: Between March and September of 2017, one pilot workshop with union leaders was performed along with eight focus groups in which 165 workers from diverse work areas and palm oil firms participated and one workshop dedicated to the revision and feedback from ten union leaders. Additionally, visits were conducted to some palm oil firms as a means of observing the production process (in plantations and processing mills). Conclusion: The workers' reports of their health and working conditions or their 'felt morbidity' was the basis for identifying the risk factors in this sector, the experiences of health and illness, the patterns of wear-and-tear associated with the production, the exposure to high temperatures and pesticides, and the intensification of production due to the way in which the work process is organized, all of which significantly affect the health of palm oil workers.

Resumo Introdução: este artigo analisa a relação entre a forma em que se realiza o processo produtivo do óleo de palma na Colombia e seus impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores do setor. Método: realizaram-se, entre marco e setembro de 2017, um workshop piloto com diretivos sindicais e 8 grupos focais nos que participaram 165 trabalhadores de diversas áreas de trabalho e empresas do setor e um workshop de revisão e retroalimentação com a participação de 10 dirigentes sindicais. Igualmente, efetuaram-se visitas a algumas empresas para observar os processos produtivos, tanto nas plantações quanto nas plantas extratoras. O inquérito de "morbilidade sentida", que se refere á informação subministrada pelos trabalhadores, desde suas percepções e interpretações, acerca de seu estado de saúde em vínculo com seu trabalho, foi a base para identificar os fatores de risco do setor, o desgaste, a fatiga e as condições de saúde-doença associadas aos ofícios de cultivo da palma em campo e ao processo industrial na planta de extração do óleo. Conclusão: a morbilidade sentida sugere que as cargas laborais, os padrões de desgaste associados á produção, a exposição a altas temperaturas e agrotóxicos, além da intensificação produtiva derivada da forma de organização do trabalho afetam significativamente a saúde dos trabalhadores da agroindústria de palma.

Fatores relacionados à saúde ocupacional de agricultores expostos a agrotóxicos / Factors related to occupational health of farmers exposed to pesticides

Resumo Objetiva-se analisar se características sociodemográficas, capacitação técnica e percepção de risco estão relacionados com a saúde ocupacional de agricultores expostos a agrotóxicos. Foi feito estudo transversal e observacional com 113 agricultores, selecionados aleatoriamente, no município de Cerro Largo, RS. Realizadas entrevistas nas propriedades rurais e investigadas questões referentes a caracterização sociodemográfica, capacitação técnica para uso de agrotóxicos, percepção de risco à saúde e sintomas de intoxicação aguda ou crônica. Houve prevalência do sexo masculino, baixo nível de escolaridade, idade entre 51 e 76 anos, que trabalham em pequenas propriedades rurais. A maioria dos agricultores afirmou ter recebido treinamento para uso de agrotóxicos por empresas que os comercializam. Os agricultores reconhecem os riscos da exposição ocupacional a agrotóxicos e relataram sintomas de intoxicação. A partir dos relatos, observa-se a não existência de capacitação técnica por parte de órgãos públicos no município, apesar de constatada a necessidade e queixas de sintomas de intoxicação por agrotóxicos. Evidencia-se a urgente demanda por capacitação técnica sobre uso seguro de agrotóxicos e informações sobre os efeitos nocivos destes à saúde, na medida em que conhecimento é uma forma de empoderamento.

Abstract Objective: to analyze how socio-demographic characteristics, technical training and risk perceptions are related with pesticide use and the occupational health of farmers exposed to pesticides in the municipality of Cerro Largo, RS. Methods: a cross-sectional and observational study was conducted with 113 randomly selected farmers. An interview was conducted on rural properties which included questions regarding socio-demographic characterization, technical training for pesticide use, and perception of health risk and symptoms of acute or chronic intoxication. Results: the subjects were predominantly males between 51 and 76 years, owners of small rural properties, and had low level of education. Most farmers said they received training for pesticide use by the companies that sell them. The farmers recognized the risks of occupational exposure to pesticides and reported symptoms of intoxication. Conclusion: the reports show the non-existence of technical training provided by public agencies in the municipality, although the need for such a program was evidenced from the reports of the subjects and their complaints of pesticide intoxication symptoms. As knowledge is a form of empowerment, there is an urgent demand for technical training on the safe use of pesticides and information about their harmful effects to health.

Prevalence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases among agricultural and non-agricultural workers in ruralareas of Japan: the Shimane CoHRE study / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objective: Engaging in agriculture greatly affects workers’ lifestyles, particularly related to physical activity. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence of lifestyle-related chronic diseases among workers engaging and not engaging in agriculture in rural areas of Japan.Methods: A total of 4,666 consecutive participants aged ≥40 years (1,929 men and 2,737 women) were recruited during health examinations conducted from 2006 to 2014. For analysis, the participants were divided by sex and age into those engaging in agriculture and those not engaging in agriculture.Results: Engaging in agriculture may be contributing with a low prevalence of dyslipidemia, a constitutive factor of metabolic syndrome, in both sexes between the ages of 40 and 64 years. In the elderly aged ≥65 years, engaging in agriculture may influence the low prevalence of hypertension in men. Hypertension, a strong risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular disease, is very frequent among the Japanese elderly and, therefore, engaging in agriculture may have a significant impact on its prevention and control.Conclusion: In rural areas of Japan, engaging in agriculture may contribute to the control of lipid metabolism in middle-aged individuals and blood pressure in the elderly.

Study on awareness regarding hazards of organophosphorus poisoning among agricultural workers who are at risk of exposure to organophosphate pesticides in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh

Background: Agricultural workers are at high risk of exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs). Farmers are using OPs frequently without having any safe handling practices. Improving their knowledge and perception regarding organophosphate poisoning can give rise to a drastic reduction in morbidity and mortality due to OP poisoning. Objectives: The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the awareness about hazards of organophosphorus poisoning, (ii) to educate about the protective measures while handling pesticides, and (iii) to educate about first aid measures after accidental exposure to pesticides. Materials and Methods: A community-based longitudinal study was carried out from September 1, 2015, to January 31, 2016, among agricultural workers using pesticides in their farm of seven villages of Kurnool District. All study subjects were interviewed using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Health education was given in two sessions with a gap of 2 weeks using audiovisual aids, posters, and flip charts. Each session lasted for 3 h in each village. Post-test was conducted 1 week after the last session. Results: A total of 230 subjects were using pesticides in their farm. Their knowledge levels regarding route of entry through contact 0%, inhalation 20 (8.69%) and ingestion 74 (32.17%) respectively in baseline study; which significantly improved to 82 (35.65%), 132 (57.39%) and 230 (100%) respectively in Post-test. Before educational intervention 52% were aware about usage of personal protective equipment during application of pesticides which was significantly improved to 100% in post-test. In pre and Post-test the habit of storage of partially used and un used pesticide tins in households were 28% & 0% respectively. Awareness about the proper disposal of empty tins was (0) less in baseline study which increased significantly to (76%) after educational intervention. Conclusions: Overall awareness of agricultural workers regarding usage and toxicity of OPs was inadequate, which was significantly improved after health education. Frequent educational sessions are needed to improve their awareness regarding safe handling procedures.

Occupational exposure to pesticides and hematological alterations: A survey of farm residents in the South of Brazil / Exposição ocupacional a agrotóxicos e alterações hematológicas: Estudo transversal em moradores rurais do Sul do Brasil

Abstract This study sought to investigate the association of exposure to organochlorine (OC) and non-persistent pesticides with hematological parameters in an agricultural population in Southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a random sample of 275 farm workers and their families in Farroupilha-RS. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, duration, frequency and type of pesticide used, among others. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for serum concentration of 24 OC pesticides and hematological parameters. Associations were explored through linear regression, controlling for confounders. Lifetime use of chemical classes other than organophosphates and dithiocarbamates were associated with decreased number of lymphocytes, while subjects sampled in the high pesticide use season showed higher number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin level. Detectable serum levels of many OC pesticides were associated with lower counts of white blood cells, particularly eosinophils. Although mostly null associations were observed between pesticide use and hematological parameters, findings may suggest that OC pesticides could lead to hematological alterations among agricultural workers.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a exposição a organoclorados (OC) e agrotóxicos não persistentes e os parâmetros hematológicos em uma população agrícola de Farroupilha-RS. Foi utilizado um questionário para coletar informações sobre fatores sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida, duração, frequência e tipo de pesticidas utilizados, entre outros. Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas e analisadas quanto a concentração sérica de 24 pesticidas OC e parâmetros hematológicos. As associações foram exploradas através de regressão linear, controlando por confundidores. O uso cumulativo de classes químicas diferentes de organofosforados e ditiocarbamatos associou-se com diminuição do número de linfócitos enquanto indivíduos que tiveram suas coletas sanguíneas realizadas na estação de maior uso de agrotóxicos tinham contagem de eritrócitos e hemoglobina maiores. Níveis séricos de diversos pesticidas organoclorados foram associados com contagens mais baixas de células brancas do sangue, particularmente eosinófilos. Embora as associações com o uso de agrotóxicos tenham sido, em geral, nulas, os resultados podem sugerir que os pesticidas OCs poderiam levar a alterações hematológicas entre os trabalhadores agrícolas.

Cross-sectional survey between hyperuricemia and non-frozen cold wounds among agricultural workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the correlation between hyperuricemia and non-frozen cold wounds (chilblains) in agricultural workers of a township for prevention measures.@*Methods@#From October 2016 to September 2017, a cross sectional study was applied to 3107 agricultural workers of a township in kaihua county, zhejiang province, of which 371 people with hyperuricemia were observed as the objective group and of which 2 736 people without hyperuricemia as the control group. The data of the occurrence of non-frozen cold wounds (chilblains) in winter among the objective group and the control group were gathered. The descriptive statistics was carried out with the prevalence ratio (PR) of chilblains and 95% confidence intervals of those agricultural workers with hyperuricemia.@*Results@#The prevalence rate was 11.94% and 371 cases with hyperuricemia among 3107 agricultural workers of a township. The total number of cases of non-frozen cold wounds (chilblains) was 195 cases and the prevalence rate was 6.28% with Chilblains among 3 107 agricultural workers of a township. The total of 55 cases with chilblains (14.82%) among the objective group, and 140 cases with chilblains (5.12%) were found among the control group (χ2=52.342, P<0.05) . The objective group had a high prevalence of chilblains. The prevalence ratio (PR) of chilblains was 2.897 (95%CI 2.163-3.881) .@*Conclusion@#Hyperuricemia may be a risk factor for non-frozen cold wounds (chilblains) . Those agricultural workers with hyperuricemia should pay more attention to keep warm and prevent non-frozen cold wounds (chilblains) in winter.

The Concept, Status Quo and Forensic Pathology of Karoshi / 法医学杂志

"Karoshi" originates from Japan's economic take-off period in the 1960s and 1970s. It is generally believed that overwork lead to the accumulation of fatigue, which triggers the outbreak of potential diseases, and results in sudden death. Karoshi causes great harm to both the community and families because it occurs primarily in 30 to 60 year old young adults. Japan put Karoshi into the category of industrial injury for the first time in 2001 and started to undertake a series of studies in the sociological and pathological fields. However, there is a tremendous gap in the forensic pathological diagnosis domain. In China, research on Karoshi started from the 1990s and is closely related to the reform and opening up policy as well as economic development. According to the incomplete statistics, 600 thousand people die from overwork each year in China, the highest in the world. Karoshi has become one of the most serious social problems in China at the present stage, thus a systematic study in the sociology and forensic pathology fields is urgently required. This paper summarizes the past and present status of Karoshi, and puts forward the problems that need attention during the judicial expertise of Karoshi from forensic pathology perspective.

Entre la finca, la fábrica y la casa: el trabajo productivo y reproductivo de trabajadoras agrícolas migrantes en Mendoza (Argentina) y su incidencia en la salud-enfermedad / Among the farm, the factory, and home: productive and reproductive work of female migrant farmworkers in Mendoza (Argentina) and its impact in the health-disease process

RESUMEN A partir de las últimas décadas del siglo XX asistimos a profundas transformaciones del trabajo agrícola en América Latina, que han incidido decisivamente en la salud de las y los trabajadores. Estos procesos han tenido implicancias específicas para las trabajadoras agrícolas, quienes afrontan la condición de precariedad laboral del sector, a la vez que experimentan desigualdades que las afectan distintivamente. Este artículo propone analizar conjuntamente los procesos de trabajo productivo y reproductivo de trabajadoras agrícolas migrantes residentes en Mendoza (Argentina), buscando dilucidar la incidencia de esta doble carga en su salud-enfermedad. A partir del trabajo de campo, realizado desde el año 2014 en la localidad agrícola de Ugarteche, Luján de Cuyo, mediante un enfoque cualitativo apoyado primordialmente en la estrategia biográfica, y con la colaboración de herramientas conceptuales feministas, analizamos las relaciones entre trabajo y salud desde la forma en que estos procesos son narrados por las mujeres migrantes. Los resultados muestran, por una parte, que los procesos de trabajo que impactan en su salud incluyen el empleo y las labores reproductivas, y por otra, describen los daños, enfermedades y padecimientos vinculados al trabajo conjunto en fincas, fábricas y hogares.

ABSTRACT Starting in the last decades of the 20th century, deep transformations have occurred in Latin American agricultural work, with decisive impacts on workers' health. These processes have had specific implications for female agricultural workers, who face the precarious working conditions common to all agricultural workers as well as inequalities that affect them distinctly. This article seeks to analyze the productive and reproductive work of migrant female farmworkers residing in Mendoza (Argentina), in order to elucidate the impact of this double workload on their health-disease processes. Fieldwork was carried out in 2014 in the agricultural town of Ugarteche, Luján de Cuyo, using a qualitative method supported primarily in a biographical approach. With the collaboration of feminist theoretical tools, we analyzed the relation between work and health based on the way these processes are narrated by migrant women. The results show that the work processes impacting their health include both employment and reproductive labor, and describe the harm, diseases, and illnesses linked to combined work in farms, factories and homes.

Multiple Exposures and Coexposures to Occupational Hazards Among Agricultural Workers: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

BACKGROUND: Workers may be exposed to various types of occupational hazards at the same time, potentially increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes. The aim of this review was to analyze the effects of multiple occupational exposures and coexposures to chemical, biomechanical, and physical hazards on adverse health outcomes among agricultural workers. METHODS: Articles published in English between 1990 and 2015 were identified using five popular databases and two complementary sources. The quality of the included publications was assessed using the methodology developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project assessment tool for quantitative studies. RESULTS: Fifteen articles were included in the review. Multiple chemical exposures were significantly associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, cancer, and DNA and cytogenetic damage. Multiple physical exposures seemed to increase the risk of hearing loss, whereas coexposures to physical and biomechanical hazards were associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders among agricultural workers. CONCLUSION: Few studies have explored the impact of multiple occupational exposures on the health of agricultural workers. A very limited number of studies have investigated the effect of coexposures among biomechanical, physical, and chemical hazards on occupational health, which indicates a need for further research in this area.

Actividad de butirilcolinesterasa y micronúcleos en trabajadores agrícolas expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas / Butyrylcholinesterase activity and micronuclei in agricultural workers exposed to pesticide mixtures

Los plaguicidas son xenobióticos de gran utilidad para el control de las plagas y su uso es una realidad para obtener mayor rendimiento en los cultivos. Sin embargo, tienen el riesgo de producir toxicidad, por lo que es necesario el monitoreo biológico de los trabajadores expuestos a estas sustancias. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad de la butirilcolinesterasa (BCh) y la presencia de micronúcleos (MN) en trabajadores expuestos a mezclas de plaguicidas en el municipio Urdaneta, estado Lara. Participaron 82 individuos de sexo masculino, 41 expuestos (GE) y 41 no expuestos (GNE), la determinación de la butirilcolinesterasa se realizó en muestras de sangre, y la de micronúcleos en muestras epiteliales de la mucosa bucal. Los resultados fueron presentados empleando estadísticos descriptivos, frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, utilizando el paquete libre PAST v.2.04. Los valores de actividad de BCh en el GE (3528,75+/- 1162,45U/L) mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P<0,001) en relación al GNE (5764,41+/-1641,43U/L). La frecuencia de MN presentó mayor mediana en el GE respecto al GNE (3,09 vs 0,73) con una diferencia significativa (P<0,001). Al asociar el tiempo de exposición con la actividad de BCh y la frecuencia de MN, se presentó una correlación negativa con la actividad de BCh y una correlación positiva con los MN, estadísticamente significativas P<0,001 y P<0,05. Los hallazgos obtenidos reflejan que los plaguicidas fueron utilizados en forma de mezclas siendo los más usados: organofosforados, carbamatos y piretroides produciendo modificaciones en los valores de actividad de BCh y la frecuencia de MN en individuos expuestos a plaguicidas(AU)

Pesticides are xenobiotics, useful in controlling pests and their use ileads to greater crop yields. However, they carry a risk of toxicity so biological monitoring of exposed workers is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cholinesterase activity and the presence of micronuclei in workers exposed to pesticide mixtures in the town of Urdaneta, Lara. Eighty-two workers participated, 41 exposed (EG) and 41 nonexposed (NEG), all of whome were male. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of butyrylcholinesterase (BCh); buccal mucosal epithelial samples were obtained for micronuclei (MN) sampline. The results were presented as descriptive statistics, absolute frequencies and percentages, using the PAST v.2.04 a free online software package. The BCh activity values in the EG (3528.75+/-1162.45U/L) showed statistically significant differences (P<0.001) in relation to the UEG (5764.41 +/- 1641.43U/L). Median MN frequency was highest in the EG compared to UEG (3.09vs 0.73), a significant difference (P<0.001). By associating exposure time with BCh activity and MN frequency, a negative correlation was found with BCh activity and a positive correlation with MN, both statistically significant (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). The results suggested pesticide mixtures were the most often used: organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids produced changes in the activity values of BCh and the frequency of MN in individuals exposed to pesticides(AU)

Avaliação da vestimenta-padrão utilizada durante a colheita das folhas do tabaco e implicações na prevenção da Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) / Evaluation of the standard protection clothing used during tobacco harvest and implications for the Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) prevention

Contexto: No Brasil, confirmou-se recentemente a ocorrência da Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) em trabalhadores de uma importante região produtora de tabaco, evidenciando a necessidade da adoção de medidas preventivas para o seu controle. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma vestimenta-padrão, proposta para uso durante a colheita das folhas de tabaco, além de avaliar a sua aplicabilidade na prevenção da GTS. Métodos: Foi realizada a quantificação da exposição potencial dérmica dos trabalhadores à nicotina e à cotinina por dosimetria passiva. Participaram do estudo 18 trabalhadores, que utilizaram a vestimenta de proteção padrão durante um dia típico de trabalho. A quantificação dos resíduos de nicotina e cotinina foi realizada por meio de UPLC-MS-MS. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a vestimenta conferiu proteção de cerca de 98%, e que seu uso pode contribuir para a prevenção da GTS. Conclusão: Ações de conscientização quanto à importância do uso da vestimenta, associadas ao esclarecimento sobre a doença, são os caminhos para a prevenção e o controle.

Context: Recently, Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) has been confirmed among workers in a major tobacco-producing region in Brazil. This indicates the need to adopt preventive measures to control the disease. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the proposed use of standard clothing during tobacco leaf harvesting process, and at evaluating its applicability in the GTS prevention. Methods: Potential dermal exposure of workers to nicotine and cotinine was determined by passive dosimetry. A total of 18 workers participated in the study. These workers wore the standard protective clothing during a typical workday. Quantification of the nicotine and cotinine residues was carried out by means of UPLC-MS-MS. Results: The results showed that the clothing provided approximately 98% protection, and that its use may contribute to the GTS prevention. Conclusion: To raise awareness on the importance of the use of the clothing, associated with educational actions concerning the disease, will be the path to prevention and control of GTS.

Occupational risks associated with the use of pesticides in the green belt of Córdoba, Argentina / Riesgos ocupacionales asociados al uso de plaguicidas en el cinturón verde de Córdoba, Argentina

Horticulture is an activity with high occupational risk and few studies have addressed this problem in Argentina. We studied groups of horticultural workers in the Green Belt of Córdoba City (GBCC) (Argentina) and identified some determinants of occupational accidents caused by the use of pesticides. An observational study was conducted, examining demographic, productive and labor issues in 101 workers. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) enabled distribution and covariance patterns to be visualized and typologies of individuals to be established. Logistic regression models were used to identify occupational accidents with pesticides. The MCA identified the more vulnerable groups: those using backpacks to apply pesticides, those who sprayed a great variety of pesticides, those working in small production units, and those living in their place of work. Accidents caused by the use of pesticides were associated with subjects who handle a large number of pesticides and work in small establishments. Determining factors for the occurrence of accidents were found to be higher levels of education (OR 4.23; p = 0.046), the greater number of pesticides used (OR 5.44; p=0.013) and lower PPE level (OR 4.92; p= 0.021). This characterization identifies features of vulnerability to pesticide exposure in certain groups of horticulturists as well as determinants of accidents with pesticides.

La horticultura constituye una actividad de elevado riesgo ocupacional y en Argentina son escasos los estudios que aborden esa problemática. Se identificaron grupos de trabajadores agrícolas en el cinturón hortícola de Córdoba (Argentina) y algunos condicionantes de accidentes laborales con estos productos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo mediante encuestas a 101 horticultores indagando aspectos sociodemográficos, productivos y laborales. Un Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias Múltiples (AFCM) permitió visualizar la distribución y covariación de modalidades y establecer tipologías de individuos. La identificación de los accidentes laborales con plaguicidas se llevó a cabo mediante modelos de regresión logística. El AFCM identificó grupos considerados como vulnerables y dados por sujetos que utilizan mochila para aplicar los plaguicidas, aplican una gran variedad de ellos, trabajan en pequeñas unidades de producción y viven en donde trabajan. Asimismo, los accidentes causados por el uso de plaguicidas se asociaron a sujetos que manipulan mayor número de plaguicidas y trabajan en pequeños establecimientos. Como factores condicionantes de la ocurrencia de accidentes se encontró al mayor nivel de escolaridad (OR 4,23 p=0,046), al mayor número de plaguicidas utilizados (OR 5,44; p=0,013) y al bajo nivel de protección personal (OR 4,92; p=0,021). Esta caracterización identifica atributos de vulnerabilidad frente a la exposición a plaguicidas en determinados grupos de horticultores así como también los condicionantes de accidentes laborales con plaguicidas.

Prevalence of hearing problems and associated factors in an agricultural company in southern Brazil / Prevalência de problemas auditivos e fatores associados em uma empresa agropecuária do sul do Brasil

To describe the prevalence and to analyze the factors associated with hearing problems in an agricultural company.

Descrever a prevalência e analisar os fatores associados a problemas auditivos em uma empresa agropecuária.

Referenciais teóricos da migração internacional e a questão da mobilidade espacial dos cortadores de cana / Theoretical references regarding international migration and the spatial mobility of sugarcane cutters / Las referencias teóricas de la migración internacional y la cuestión de la movilidad espacial de los cortadores de caña

A mobilidade espacial de cortadores de cana é característica fundamental do mercado de trabalho do Complexo Agroindustrial (CAI) canavieiro no Brasil ao longo de sua história. São poucos os exemplos de trabalhos baseados em perspectivas teóricas dos estudos migratórios no âmbito da vasta bibliografia sobre esta questão. Neste contexto, o presente artigo busca articular os principais referenciais teóricos normalmente utilizados para o estudo das migrações internacionais aos estudos sobre a mobilidade espacial dos canavieiros, no intuito de constituir questões teórico-conceituais que embasem a abordagem desta modalidade de deslocamento. A partir de revisão bibliográfica, as abordagens de natureza macro (perspectiva do Sistema-Mundo), natureza micro (Nova Economia das Migrações) e sobre as redes migratórias são relacionadas à análise da migração de canavieiros e a estudos clássicos sobre êxodo rural no país. Observou-se que o nível macro possibilita destacar questões relacionadas aos processos estruturais que articulam origens e destinos, enquanto o micro permite a abordagem das motivações e estratégias familiares ou domiciliares. O papel das redes se destaca, principalmente, por meio da organização do processo de deslocamento. A integração dos níveis macro e micro e da questão das redes migratórias é exemplificada a partir de considerações sobre os deslocamentos dos canavieiros, mas também embasa abordagens sobre modalidades temporal e espacialmente distintas, contribuindo para o debate teórico sobre a mobilidade espacial na atualidade.

The spatial mobility of sugarcane cutters has been a fundamental characteristic of the workforce of the Sugarcane Agro-industrial Complex in Brazil throughout its entire history. However, there are few examples of studies based on theoretical approaches to migration analysis, in view of the vast number of bibliographical references on this issue. Considering this background, this paper is an attempt at articulating the theoretical references most often used in studies on international migration with studies on the spatial mobility of sugarcane cutters. The purpose is to raise theoretical and conceptual questions that could be a basis for approaching this modality of displacement. On the basis of a literature review, the macro-level approach (World-Systems), the micro-level approach (New Economics of Migration) and the approach of migratory networks are discussed in view of the analyses of migrations of sugarcane cutters and with classic studies on rural exoduses in Brazil. It has been observed that macro-level issues allow researchers to raise questions on structural processes that link origins and destinations, whereas micro-level approaches make it possible to focus on family and household motivations and strategies. The role of networks stands out especially in the organization of displacement processes. The integration of the macro and micro levels with the issue of migratory networks is exemplified on the basis of considerations on sugarcane cutters' mobility. But it is also grounds for approaches on temporally and spatially distinct modalities, thus contributing to the current theoretical debate on spatial mobility.

La movilidad espacial de los cortadores de caña ha sido una característica fundamental del mercado de trabajo del Complejo Agroindustrial (CAI) de la caña de azúcar en Brasil a lo largo de su historia. Sin embargo, hay pocos ejemplos de trabajos basados en las perspectivas teóricas de los estudios migratorios en la vasta literatura sobre este tema. En este contexto, este artículo busca articular las principales referencias teóricas utilizadas normalmente para el análisis de las migraciones internacionales con los estudios sobre la movilidad espacial de los cortadores de caña de azúcar, con el fin de determinar las cuestiones teórico-conceptuales que podrían sustentar un abordaje de esta modalidad de desplazamiento. A partir de la revisión bibliográfica se relacionan los enfoques de naturaleza macro (la perspectiva del sistema-mundo), micro (la nueva economía de las migraciones) y sobre las redes migratorias con el análisis de la migración de los cortadores de caña de azúcar y con los estudios clásicos sobre el éxodo rural en el país. Se observó que el nivel macro permite destacar las cuestiones relacionadas con los procesos estructurales que articulan orígenes y destinos, mientras que el enfoque micro hace posible el abordaje de las motivaciones y las estrategias familiares o domiciliarias. El papel de las redes se destaca principalmente en la organización del proceso de desplazamiento. La integración de los niveles macro y micro y de la cuestión de las redes migratorias se ejemplifica a partir de la consideración de los desplazamientos de los cortadores de caña de azúcar, pero también subyace a los abordajes sobre modalidades temporal y espacialmente distintas, contribuyendo al debate teórico sobre la movilidad espacial en la actualidad.

Associação entre a carga de trabalho agrícola e as dores relacionadas / Association between pain and agricultural workload

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a carga de trabalho agrícola e as dores atribuídas pelos agricultores. Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu 259 agricultores de dois cenários rurais. Utilizou-se instrumento de pesquisa validado para a avaliação da carga de trabalho. Resultados: As associações com maior magnitude ficaram entre a comercialização dos produtos e a dor nos pés e o preparo do solo associado às lombalgias. Os agricultores que apresentaram dores evidenciaram maior carga de trabalho, assim como a carga de trabalho foi significativa para os agricultores que apresentaram estresse, ansiedade e transtorno do ciclo vigília-sono. Conclusão: As cargas de trabalho oriundas do processo de trabalho agrícola exercem influências na saúde e podem levar ao desgaste físico e emocional do agricultor, ocasionando dores e possíveis distúrbios e doenças relacionadas ao trabalho. .

Objective To analyze the association between workload of farm work and pains attributed by farm workers. Methods This cross-sectional study included 259 farm workers from two rural scenarios. A validated research instrument was used to assess the workload. Results Two pairs, sale of products and sore feet and also tillage and low back pain, showed the highest values for association. Farm workers who had pain had high workload. In addition, workload was significant for farm workers who exhibited stress, anxiety, and disorder in the sleep-wake cycle. Conclusion Workload arising from the process of farm work influence farm workers health and may lead them to show emotional and physical wear, causing pain and possible work-related disorders and diseases. .

Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis y características asociadas en agricultores de arroz de una región tropical del Perú / Leptospirosis seroprevalence and associated features in rice farmers of tropical region of Peru

Objetivos . Estimar la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en agricultores dedicados al cultivo de arroz del valle del Alto Mayo, región San Martín e identificar anticuerpos para los serovares circulantes y los factores asociados a la infección. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal entre octubre y noviembre de 2010 en una muestra de 254 agricultores procedentes de las once comisiones de regantes del valle de Alto Mayo. Se recolectó una muestra de sangre y se aplicó un cuestionario que incluyó variables sociodemográficas, y características del hogar y del trabajo. Se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos contra leptospira usando la prueba de microaglutinación y ELISA IgM. Resultados. La seroprevalencia determinada por microaglutinación fue del 64,6% (IC 95%: 58,6-70,6). La prueba ELISA IgM fue reactiva en 15,0% (IC 95%: 10,5-19,5). Los tipos de serovar más frecuentes fueron Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, Australis , Panama y Grippotyphosa. Los factores asociados independientemente fueron la manipulación de roedores (OR ajustado [ORa] de 7,9, IC 95%: 1,6-37,9), trabajar descalzo (ORa de 2,9, IC 95%: 1,2-6,8) y el sexo masculino (ORa de 4,5, IC 95%: 1,3-15,3). Conclusiones . El valle del Alto Mayo es un área hiperendémica de leptospirosis. Los factores asociados más importantes fueron la práctica de trabajar descalzo y la de manipular roedores en los campos de cultivo. En consecuencia, se recomienda implementar intervenciones que incidan en estos dos factores a fin de reducir el riesgo de infección en los cultivadores de arroz.

Objectives. To estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in rice farmers of the Alto Mayo Valley in the Peruvian region of San Martín and to identify factors associated with infection. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November of 2010 on a sample of 254 farmers from eleven irrigation committees in the Alto Mayo Valley. A blood sample was collected as well as sociodemographic, household and labor characteristics in the form of a questionnaire. The presence of antibodies against leptospira was determined using the microscopic agglutination test and the IgM ELISA. Results. The seroprevalence by agglutination was 64.6% (95% CI: 58.6-70.6). The IgM ELISA test was reactive in 15,0% (95% CI: 10.5-19.5). The most frequent serovar were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, Australis, Panama and Grippotyphosa. Independently associated factors were handling rodents (adjusted OR (aOR): 7.9; 95% CI: 1.6-37.9), working barefoot (aOR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.2-6.8) and male sex (aOR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.3-15.3). Conclusions. The Alto Mayo Valley is a hyperendemic for leptospirosis. The most important factors were associated with working barefoot and handling rodents in crop fields. Consequently, it is recommended to implement interventions that affect these two factors in order to reduce the risk of infection in rice farmers.

Impacto do estresse na saúde de cortadores de cana / The impact of stress on the health of sugar cane cutters

OBJETIVO Analisar os níveis de estresse e a prevalência de sintomas físicos e psíquicos em trabalhadores do corte de cana antes e depois da safra. MÉTODOS Foram estudados 114 cortadores de cana, 109 trabalhadores urbanos na pré-safra, 102 cortadores de cana e 81 trabalhadores urbanos na pós-safra, na cidade de Mendonça, SP, em 2009. A análise dos dados baseou-se na frequência e porcentagem dos avaliados com sintomas de estresse, tendo sido utilizado o Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos de Lipp-ISSL. Os dados gerais coletados foram analisados segundo estatística descritiva. Utilizou-se o teste Exato de Fisher para comparar a variável categórica representada pelo estresse pré e pós-safra nos grupos cortadores de cana e trabalhadores urbanos. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p menor que 0,05. RESULTADOS O estresse aumentou nos cortadores de cana após a safra (34,2% na pré-safra e 46,1% na pós-safra); nos trabalhadores urbanos, o estresse diminuiu de 44,0% na pré-safra para 42,0% na pós-safra. Houve predominância da fase de resistência do estresse para ambos os grupos, com sinais mais evidentes da fase de quase-exaustão e de exaustão para os cortadores de cana. Após a safra, houve tendência a aumentar o número de cortadores de cana com sintomas de quase-exaustão (6,4%) e exaustão (10,6%), bem como aumento na proporção de cortadores de cana com sintomas físicos (de 20,5% para 25,5%) e psicológicos (de 64,1% para 70,2%). Para os dois grupos, os sintomas psicológicos foram elevados nas duas fases (70,2% e 64,7%, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES O processo produtivo de trabalho do cortador de cana pode provocar estresse. Fatores individuais, como a percepção cognitiva da experiência, crenças de autoeficácia e expectativas ...

OBJECTIVE Evaluate the impact of stress on sugar cane cutters and the prevalence of physical and psychological symptoms before and after harvest. METHODS We studied 114 sugarcane cutters and 109 urban workers in the pre-harvest and 102 sugar cane cutters and 81 urban workers in the post-harvest period in the city of Mendonça, SP, Southeastern Brazil, in 2009. Data analysis was based on the frequency and percentage of the assessed symptoms of stress, using the Lipp-ISSL test (Symptoms of Stress for Adults). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The Fisher Test was used to compare the variable of stress between pre- and post-harvest within the sugar cane cutter and urban worker groups. P values below 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Stress in sugar cane cutters increased after harvesting (34.2% pre-harvest and 46.1% post-harvest); in urban workers, stress decreased from 44.0% pre-harvest to 42.0% post-harvest. There was prevalence of the phase of resistance to stress for both groups with signs more apparent from the near-exhaustion and exhaustion phases for sugar cane cutters. After harvest, there was a tendency for the number of sugar cane cutters with symptoms of near-exhaustion (6.4%) and exhaustion (10.6%) to increase. After harvest there was a trend for the number of sugar cane cutters with physical symptoms (pre-harvest = 20.5%, post-harvest = 25.5%) and psychological symptoms (pre-harvest = 64.1%; post-harvest = 70.2%) to increase. For both groups, predominantly psychological symptoms occurred in both phases (70.2% versus 64.7%). CONCLUSIONS The work process of cutting cane can cause stress. Individual factors such as cognitive perception of the experience, self-efficacy beliefs and expectations of the employee regarding their performance can influence the understanding of the reactions in their body in face of the work. .